LITTLE P.ENG. FOR ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY SERVICES

In an earlier section, ‘‘Definition of the Term Design Bases,’’ loading conditions were identified as one of the five principal elements in the definition of the term design bases. This section will identify some of the more common loading conditions and discuss the way in which they are considered in design. Loading conditions may be classified as either sustained or occasional. Sustained loads act on the piping system during all or at least the great majority of its operating ti

In practice, the assurance that the design and construction of a piping system will meet prescribed pressure-integrity requirements is achie

The typical project evolution can generally be divided into three principal stages. The first stage comprises inception, assignment of responsibilities, preliminary design, and estimating. The second stage comprises detailed design, procurement,and definitive cost estimating. (Depending on the project schedule, production of hardware, site preparations, and construction may also be initiated at this stage.) The third stage comprises completion of engineering, production of equi

In today’s atmosphere of complex projects, extended liabilities, tight cost controls, and strict quality standards, it is essential that all phases of a project, from inception to operation, be effectively communicated and correctly executed. To this end, contract documents, design documents, fabrication details, procedures, and specifications are developed to communicate, monitor, and document the design, fabrication, and erection of piping systems precisely. The number and v