LITTLE P.ENG. FOR ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY SERVICES

In Section 2.3.3 of these seminar notes the significant effect that restraint stiffnesses may have on the piping system was described....

A large rotation restraint is a restraint which rotates away from its original line of action due to a pipe movement in a direction...

Gap restraints are those restraints which do not touch the pipe upon installation (and therefore are not active), but are close enough to...

Friction may be present whenever the pipe can move, and in the process of moving, rub against a restraint. As noted earlier, the maximum...

A restraint is said to be non-linear if its response is not constant throughout its entire load range. Examples of non-linear effects are...